Fungi and their metabolites in grain from individual households in Croatia
Domagoj Kifer, Michael Sulyok, Daniela Jakšić, Rudolf Krska, Maja Šegvić Klarić
Abstract
A total of 117 fungal metabolites were detected in grains collected in Gunja-G (flooded village) and Gornji Stupnik-GS (control village), located in the Zagreb County, Croatia. Major mycotoxins and derivatives (17), ergot alkaloids (14), Fusarium (23), Aspergillus (18), Penicillium (18), Alternaria (7) and other fungal and unspecific metabolites (20) were found. A higher number of metabolites co-occurred per sample in grains from G (115) than in GS (91). Regulated mycotoxins were below maximum limits except fumonisins B1,2 in 15–20% of grains and aflatoxin B1. Fusarium metabolites contaminated more than 50% of grains at both locations. Besides FB1,2, bikaverin, aurofusarin, culmorin and 15-hidroxyculmorin were detected at relatively high concentrations. Ergot alkaloids were detected at 2–18 times higher concentrations in grains from G as compared to GS. Majority of Aspergillus mycotoxins were present at a low frequency (5–15%). Penicillium metabolites recovered with higher frequency in GS (55–70%) than in G (20–55%). Alteranaria metabolites prevailed in grains from G (60–80%).