A review of the developments in adsorbents for the efficient adsorption of ibuprofen from wastewater
Ahmer Ali Siyal, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Faizan Ahmad, Marlinda Abdul Malek, Majed Alsubih, Rashid Shamsuddin, Sajid Hussain, Sabariah Musa
Abstract
, and the equilibrium time of 0.083-120 h were obtained. The pseudo-second order and Langmuir isotherm models generally fit the data, showing that IBU was adsorbed through the chemisorption process by producing a monolayer of IBU onto the adsorbent, and the thermodynamics described the adsorption of IBU as a spontaneous and endothermic or exothermic process. The IBU was adsorbed through various mechanisms such as electrostatic interactions, π-π interactions, pore filling, pore diffusion, π-π EDA interactions, hydrogen bonding, and Yoshida interactions. More focus should be put on developing highly efficient, economical, green, and regenerable adsorbents that can adsorb multiple drugs from wastewater. Mass transfer adsorption kinetics should be studied to better understand adsorption processes, and artificial intelligence technologies should be utilized in IBU removal from wastewater to anticipate the adsorption capacity of adsorbents. This review serves as a guide in enhancing the performance of adsorbents in removing pharmaceuticals from wastewater.