Creating 3D Objects with Integrated Electronics via Multiphoton Fabrication In Vitro and In Vivo
Sara J. Baldock, Punarja Kevin, Garry Harper, Rebecca Griffin, Hussein H. Genedy, James Fong, Zhiyi Zhao, Zijian Zhang, Yaochun Shen, Hungyen Lin, Catherine Au, Jack Martin, Mark Ashton, Mathew J. Haskew, Beverly Stewart, О. А. Ефремова, Reza N. Esfahani, Hedley Emsley, John Appleby, David Cheneler, Damian M. Cummings, Alexandre Benedetto, John G. Hardy
Abstract
Abstract 3D objects with integrated electronics are produced using an additive manufacturing approach relying on multiphoton fabrication (direct laser writing, (DLW)). Conducting polymer‐based structures (with micrometer‐millimeter scale features) are printed within exemplar matrices, including an elastomer (polydimethylsiloxane, (PDMS)) have been widely investigated for biomedical applications. The fidelity of the printing process in PDMS is assessed by optical coherence tomography, and the conducting polymer structures are demonstrated to be capable of stimulating mouse brain tissue in vitro. Furthermore, the applicability of the approach to printing structures in vivo is demonstrated in live nematodes ( Caenorhabditis elegans ). These results highlight the potential for such additive manufacturing approaches to produce next‐generation advanced material technologies, notably integrated electronics for technical and medical applications (e.g., human‐computer interfaces).