Cholesterol‐dependent cytolysins: The outstanding questions
Bronte A. Johnstone, Riya Joseph, Michelle P. Christie, Craig J. Morton, Conall McGuiness, James Walsh, Till Böcking, Rodney K. Tweten, Michael W. Parker
Abstract
The cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are a major family of bacterial pore-forming proteins secreted as virulence factors by Gram-positive bacterial species. CDCs are produced as soluble, monomeric proteins that bind specifically to cholesterol-rich membranes, where they oligomerize into ring-shaped pores of more than 30 monomers. Understanding the details of the steps the toxin undergoes in converting from monomer to a membrane-spanning pore is a continuing challenge. In this review we summarize what we know about CDCs and highlight the remaining outstanding questions that require answers to obtain a complete picture of how these toxins kill cells.