International comparison of glycaemic control in people with type 1 diabetes: an update and extension
Regina Prigge, John McKnight, Sarah H. Wild, Aveni Haynes, Timothy W. Jones, Elizabeth A. Davis, Birgit Rami‐Merhar, Maria Fritsch, Christine Prchla, Astrid Lavens, Kris Doggen, Suchsia Chao, Ronnie Aronson, Ruth E. Brown, Else Helene Ibfelt, Jannet Svensson, Robert J. Young, Justin Warner, Holy Robinson, Tiina Laatikainen, Päivi Rautiainen, Brigitte Delemer, Pierre François Souchon, Alpha Mamadou Diallo, Reinhard W. Holl, Sebastian Schmid, Klemens Raile, Stelios Tigas, Αlexandra Bargiota, Ioanna Zografou, Andrea O. Y. Luk, Juliana C.N. Chan, Seán F. Dinneen, Claire Buckley, Oratile Kgosidialwa, Valentino Cherubini, Rosaria Gesuita, Ieva Strēle, Santa Pildava, Henk J. Veeze, Henk‐Jan Aanstoot, Dick Mul, Craig Jefferies, John G. Cooper, Karianne Fjeld Løvaas, Tadej Battelino, Klemen Dovč, Nataša Bratina, Katarina Eeg‐Olofsson, Ann‐Marie Svensson, Soffia Guðbjörnsdóttir, Evgenia Globa, Nataliya Zelinska
Abstract
Abstract Aims To update and extend a previous cross‐sectional international comparison of glycaemic control in people with type 1 diabetes. Methods Data were obtained for 520,392 children and adults with type 1 diabetes from 17 population and five clinic‐based data sources in countries or regions between 2016 and 2020. Median HbA 1c (IQR) and proportions of individuals with HbA 1c < 58 mmol/mol (<7.5%), 58–74 mmol/mol (7.5–8.9%) and ≥75 mmol/mol (≥9.0%) were compared between populations for individuals aged <15, 15–24 and ≥25 years. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of HbA 1c < 58 mmol/mol (<7.5%) relative to ≥58 mmol/mol (≥7.5%), stratified and adjusted for sex, age and data source. Where possible, changes in the proportion of individuals in each HbA 1c category compared to previous estimates were calculated. Results Median HbA 1c varied from 55 to 79 mmol/mol (7.2 to 9.4%) across data sources and age groups so a pooled estimate was deemed inappropriate. OR (95% CI) for HbA 1c < 58 mmol/mol (<7.5%) were 0.91 (0.90–0.92) for women compared to men, 1.68 (1.65–1.71) for people aged <15 years and 0.81 (0.79–0.82) aged15–24 years compared to those aged ≥25 years. Differences between populations persisted after adjusting for sex, age and data source. In general, compared to our previous analysis, the proportion of people with an HbA 1c < 58 mmol/l (<7.5%) increased and proportions of people with HbA 1c ≥ 75 mmol/mol (≥9.0%) decreased. Conclusions Glycaemic control of type 1 diabetes continues to vary substantially between age groups and data sources. While some improvement over time has been observed, glycaemic control remains sub‐optimal for most people with Type 1 diabetes.