Ultrasound assisted deep eutectic solvent-based extraction of Montepulciano d’ Abruzzo grape seeds for the recovery of the grape seed oil and its biological evaluation
Lorenza Marinaccio, Giulia Gentile, Gökhan Zengin, Stefano Pieretti, Azzurra Stefanucci, Angelo Cichelli, Adriano Mollica
Abstract
Grape seeds are by-products of vinification process. In this work, a green ultrasound-assisted extraction of grape seeds oil was performed by using the natural volatile deep eutectic solvent (NADES) menthol: thymol 1:1. The obtained oil was compared to that deriving from UAE with n -hexane in terms of fatty acids composition and biological activities. The content of linoleic acid was low for the DES extracted oil; the content of linolenic acid increased from 0.53 % to 5.18 %. The grape seeds oil extracted with DES showed the best total phenolic (18.65 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (0.73 mg RE/g) contents and the highest results in FRAP, CUPRAC, MCA and Phosphomolybdenum assays. The oil extracted by DES also showed a higher amylase inhibition (0.57 mmol ACAE/g) than n -hexane extract (0.47 mmol ACAE/g). Finally, the anti-inflammatory activity was assessed in vivo through tree different assays, suggesting that their different fatty acids composition could be partially responsible for the significant anti-inflammatory effect of the grape seed oil extracted by NADES. • Grape oil has been extracted from seeds by conventional and unconventional way. • The content of linoleic acid resulted to be low for the DES extracted oil. • The activity of the two extracts has been detected in vitro and in vivo . • The oil extracted with DES showed the best TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity. • Both extracts exert anti-inflammatory activity in vivo .