Graphene oxide–carbon nanotube composite membrane for enhanced removal of organic pollutants by forward osmosis
Hadeel Kareem Jasim, Zaid Abed Al-Ridah, Ahmed Samir Naje
Abstract
Composite membranes made of graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes were fabricated to enhance the removal of organic pollutants, specifically through forward osmosis (FO) technology. The nano-membrane was treated with organic acid, such as citric acid, to improve its effectiveness in removing pollutants and permeability. The efficiency of the composite membranes in removing organic pollutants was evaluated by analyzing the levels of chemical-oxygen-demand (COD), total-nitrogen-analysis (TKN), and total-organic-carbon (TOC) in the water before and after the application of the technology. The findings indicated that the use of the prepared composite nano-membranes could significantly improve the removal of organic pollutants, with up to 98.20% efficiency, and elevate the standard of the treated water. This was attributed to the improved selectivity and permeability of the membranes due to the organic acid treatment. In conclusion, the use of organic acid treatment, such as citric acid, in the preparation of composite graphene oxide-carbon nanotube membranes for FO technology provides a promising avenue for the development of effective and sustainable water treatment technologies. In addition to its effectiveness in removing organic pollutants, the use of composite membranes made of graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes has other advantages. These membranes are cost-effective and environmentally friendly, as they can be easily synthesized and have a long lifespan. Furthermore, the use of forward osmosis technology reduces the energy requirements compared to other water treatment methods, making it a more sustainable solution. In conclusion, the development of composite graphene oxide-carbon nanotube membranes treated with organic acid, such as citric acid, for FO technology provides a promising avenue for sustainable water treatment technologies that are both effective and environmentally friendly.