Bioactivity analysis of calcium silicate‐based sealers and repair cements on the phenotype and cytokine secretion profile of <scp>CD14</scp><sup>+</sup> monocytes: An <i>ex vivo</i> study
Silvia Castro‐Jara, Bárbara Antilef, Carolina Osbén, Raúl Alcántara, Marco Fraga, Estefanía Nova‐Lamperti, Gabriela Sánchez‐Sanhueza
Abstract
AIM: This study evaluated the immune bioactivity of testing media (TM) obtained from different calcium silicate-based sealers and cements on monocyte morphology, activation, differentiation and cytokine secretion. METHODS: monocytes were isolated and cultured for 5 days with 25% TM from the following calcium silicate-based materials: TotalFill BC RRM Fast-Set Putty, Biodentine, TotalFill BC Sealer and BioRoot-Root-Canal-Sealer (RCS). A resin-based endodontic cement was used as a control. The expression of surface markers such as CD86, HLA-DR, CD16, CD309 and CD209, and cytokine secretion were analysed by flow cytometry. Data were analysed using the one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (anova) multiple comparison test and a Holm-Sidak multiple comparison post-hoc test (p < .05). RESULTS: This comparative analysis revealed that monocytes co-cultured with calcium silicate-based materials showed a spindle-shaped morphology compared with the round shape observed in the control. Regarding activation markers, BioRoot-RCS and Biodentine significantly increased CD86 expression compared with the control sample, whereas no significant differences (p > .05) were observed in HLA-DR expression. In addition, no differences were observed among the differentiation markers. When the inflammatory cytokines were analysed, BioRoot-RCS increased the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α, whereas BioRoot-RCS and Biodentine significantly decreased IL-8 production (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: monocytes; however, only BioRoot-RCS and Biodentine significantly upregulated CD86. In addition, BioRoot-RCS was the sealer with the highest immunomodulatory properties for cytokine production which means that it can contribute with the in vivo healing process and regeneration of periapical lesions.