Reconciliation of energy use disparities in brick production in India
Kushal Tibrewal, Chandra Venkataraman, Harish C. Phuleria, Veena Joshi, Sameer Maithel, A.S. Damle, Anurag Gupta, Pradnya Lokhande, Shahadev Rabha, Binoy K. Saikia, Sayantee Roy, Gazala Habib, Shubham Rathi, Anubha Goel, Sakshi Ahlawat, T. K. Mandal, M. Azharuddin Hashmi, Asif Qureshi, Abisheg Dhandapani, Jawed Iqbal, Sandeep Devaliya, Ramya Sunder Raman, Lian Yang, G. Pandithurai, Sudheer Kumar Kuppili, Manish Nagendra, Sauryadeep Mukherjee, Abhijit Chatterjee, Tanveer Ahmad Najar, Arshid Jehangir, Jitender Singh, Baerbel Sinha
Abstract
Abstract Energy conservation in brick production is crucial to achieving net-zero carbon emissions from the building sector, especially in countries with major expansions in the built environment. However, widely disparate energy consumption estimates impede benchmarking its importance relative to the steel and cement industries. Here we modelled Indian brick production and its regional energy consumption by combining a nationwide questionnaire survey on feedstock, process variables and practices with remote sensing data on kiln enumeration. We found a large underreporting in current official estimates of energy consumption, with actual energy consumption comparable to that in the steel and cement industries in the country. With a total estimated production of 233 ± 15 billion bricks per year, the brick industry consumes 990 ± 125 PJ yr −1 of energy, 35 ± 6 Mt yr −1 coal and 25 ± 6 Mt yr −1 biomass. The main drivers of energy consumption for brick production are the kiln technology, the production capacity and the fuel mix used. The results suggest that improving operating practices would be a first step in making brick production more energy efficient.