Highly Reversible Intercalation of Calcium Ions in Layered Vanadium Compounds Enabled by Acetonitrile–Water Hybrid Electrolyte
Xiaolu Qin, Xu Zhao, Guobin Zhang, Zhiquan Wei, Linyuan Li, Xiaoke Wang, Chunyi Zhi, Hongfei Li, Cuiping Han, Baohua Li
Abstract
Currently, the development of calcium-ion batteries (CIBs) is still in its infancy and greatly plagued by the absence of satisfactory cathode materials and compatible electrolytes. Herein, an acetonitrile–water hybrid electrolyte is first developed in CIB chemistry, in which, the strong lubricating and shielding effect of water solvent significantly boosts the swift transport of bulky Ca 2+, thus contributing to large capacity storage of Ca 2+ in layered vanadium oxides (Ca 0.25 V 2 O 5 · n H 2 O, CVO). Meanwhile, the acetonitrile component noticeably suppresses the dissolution of vanadium species during repeated Ca 2+ -ion uptake/release, endowing the CVO cathode with a robust cycle life. More importantly, spectral characterization and molecular dynamics simulation confirm that the water molecules are well stabilized by the mutual hydrogen bonding with acetonitrile molecules (O–H···N), endowing the aqueous hybrid electrolyte with high electrochemical stability. By using this aqueous hybrid electrolyte, the CVO electrode shows a high specific discharge capacity of 158.2 mAh g –1 at 0.2 A g –1, an appealing capacity of 104.6 mAh g –1 at a high rate of 5 A g –1, and a capacity retention of 95% after 2000 cycles at 1.0 A g –1, which is a record-high performance for CIBs reported so far. A mechanistic study exemplifies the reversible extraction of Ca 2+ from the gap of VO polyhedral layers, which are accompanied by the reversible V–O and V–V skeleton change as well as reversible variation of layer spacing. This work constitutes a major advance in developing high-performance Ca-ion batteries.