Values Embedded in Legal Artificial Intelligence
Harry Surden
Abstract
<bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Increasingly, governments are</b> using technological systems in the application and administration of law <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[6]</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[22]</xref> . For example, officials use computer systems to sentence criminal defendants, approve or deny government benefits, predict the location of future crimes, and disallow border entry <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[6]</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[22]</xref> . In each instance, technology is used to make substantive decisions about law, individual legal rights, or allocation of government resources. Let us refer to any automation system used in the administration or application of law as a “legal technological system.” Notably, some of these legal technological systems use machine learning and other artificial intelligence techniques to achieve their goals <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref13" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[13]</xref> . Let us refer to those as “legal AI systems.”