Estimation and action mechanisms of cinnamon bark via oxidative enzymes and ultrastructures as antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, antioxidant, anti-Diabetic, and anticancer agents
Samy Selim, Yasir Alruwaili, Hasan Ejaz, Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla, Mohammed S. Almuhayawi, Mohammed K. Nagshabandi, Muyassar K. Tarabulsi, Soad K. Al Jaouni, Mohammed A. Bazuhair, Tarek M. Abdelghany
Abstract
Cinnamon is a plant with significant medicinal value that is used extensively as a spice, flavoring, and fragrance ingredient. Phytochemical characterization via high-performance liquid chromatography, antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms, anti-diabetic properties by α-glucosidase and α-amylase assessments, antioxidant activity via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate, and total antioxidant capacities of cinnamon bark were evaluated. Moreover, antitumor potential against human breast cancer (MCF-7) and human fetal lung fibroblast (WI-38) cells of the bark extract were detected. A promising antimicrobial action towards Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans, and Mucor circinelloides where the inhibition areas were 25, 23, 18, 19, 29, and 16 mm, respectively, was recorded. Cinnamon bark has IC50 of 5.01 and 2.58 µg/mL compared to standard acrobose with their IC50 values 4.32 and 1.99 µg/mL, respectively for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitions. Cinnamon bark extract has IC50 of 77.39 ± 0.84 and 162.67 ± 0.28 μg/mL toward cell lines of MCF-7 and WI-38, respectively. The protective effect of cinnamon in accelerating the apoptosis of MCF-7 cells has been verified by flow cytometric evaluation employing Annexin-V and cell cycle kits, as well as the increasing levels of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide with decreasing glutathione and catalase levels.