Photoacoustic Molecular Imaging for the Identification of Lymph Node Metastasis in Head and Neck Cancer Using an Anti-EGFR Antibody–Dye Conjugate
Naoki Nishio, Nynke S. van den Berg, Brock A. Martin, Stan van Keulen, Shayan Fakurnejad, Eben L. Rosenthal, Katheryne E. Wilson
Abstract
The presence of lymph node (LN) metastases is an essential prognostic indicator in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). This study assessed photoacoustic molecular imaging (PAMI) of the antiepidermal growth factor receptor antibody (panitumumab) conjugated to a near-infrared fluorescent dye, IRDye800CW (panitumumab-IRDye800CW; pan800), for the identification of occult metastatic LNs in patients with HNSCC (<i>n</i> = 7). <b>Methods:</b> After in vitro photoacoustic imaging characterization of pan800, PAMI was performed on excised neck specimens from patients infused with pan800 before surgery. Freshly obtained neck specimens were imaged with 3-dimensional, multiwavelength spectroscopic PAMI (wavelengths of 680, 686, 740, 800, 860, 924, and 958 nm). Harvested LNs were then imaged with a closed-field near-infrared fluorescence imager and histologically examined by the pathologist to determine their metastatic status. <b>Results:</b> In total, 53 LNs with a maximum diameter of 10 mm were analyzed with photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging, of which 4 were determined to be metastatic on the final histopathologic report. Photoacoustic signals in the LNs corresponding to accumulated pan800 were spectrally unmixed using a linear least-square-error classification algorithm. The average thresholded photoacoustic signal intensity corresponding to pan800 was 5-fold higher for metastatic LNs than for benign LNs (2.50 ± 1.09 arbitrary units [a.u.] vs. 0.53 ± 0.32 a.u., <i>P</i> < 0.001). Fluorescence imaging showed that metastatic LNs had a 2-fold increase in fluorescence signal compared with benign LNs ex vivo (<i>P</i> < 0.01, 0.068 ± 0.027 a.u. vs. 0.035 ± 0.018 a.u.). Moreover, the ratio of the average of the highest 10% of the photoacoustic signal intensity over the total average, representative of the degree of heterogeneity in the pan800 signal in LNs, showed a significant difference between metastatic LNs and benign LNs (11.6 ± 13.4 vs. 1.8 ± 0.7, <i>P</i> < 0.01) and an area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve of 0.96 (95% CI, 0.91–1.00). <b>Conclusion:</b> The data indicate that PAMI of IRDye800-labeled tumor-specific antibody may have the potential to identify occult LN metastasis perioperatively in HNSCC patients.