The Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant (MDR), Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR), and Pandrug-Resistant (PDR) In Iraqi Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli
Halah M. H. Al-Hasani, Dalal Al-Rubaye, Alyaa Abdelhameed, M Assafi, F Ali, R Polis, N Sabaly, S Qarani, I Naqid, A Balatay, N Hussein, K Saeed, H Ahmed, S Yousif, Saeb Sabri, T Kareem, A, D Yu, G Banting, N Neumann, K Aabed, N Moubayed, S Alzahrani, S Patil, X Chen, M Lian, F Wen, M Al-Samarraie, M Omar, A Yaseen, M Mahmood, Abera Kibret, M Saeed, A Haque, A Ali, M Mohsin, S Bashir, A Tariq, J Qiu, Z Jiang, Z Ju, X Zhao, J Yang, H Guo, A Magiorakos, A Srinivasan, R Carey, Y Carmeli, M Falagas, C Giske, R Hassan, M Tantawy, N Gouda, M Elzayat, S Gabra, A Nabih, A Mohammad, M Galindo-Mndez, S Ali, Al-Dahmoshi Hom, A Fodor, B Abate, P Dek, L Fodor, E Gyenge, M Klein, Roque-Borda Ca, P Da Silva, M Rodrigues, R Azevedo, L Di Filippo, J Duarte, K Carroll, J Hobden, S Miller, S Morse, T Mietzner, Detrick Barbara, Al-Doury Sm, Al-Nasrawi Ma, Al-Samarraie Mq, F Molina, E Lpez-Acedo, R Tabla, I Roa, A Gmez, J Rebollo, I Odongo, R Ssemambo, J Kungu, S Sabir, A Anjum, T Ijaz, M Ali, R Khan M Ur, M Nawaz, K Subedi, F Karki, S Lama, A Pandey
Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria consider one of the world's most pressing health issues.One of the most significant bacteria that can show multiple antimicrobial resistance patterns e.g., Resistance to many drugs, including XDR and PDR strains (PDR) is Escherichia coli, which, has been shown to increase in the rates of resistance to different categories of antimicrobial agents.The current study aims to investigate the emergence of antimicrobial resistance patterns in the clinical isolates of E.coli among patients in Baghdad city.The results showed that out of 500 different clinical specimens, 113 (22.60%) isolates were identified as E.coli, and the percentage of E.coli isolation in females (54.87%) when compared to men (45.13%).More than half (51.33%) of the isolates obtained came from urine.Patients younger than 20 years old accounted for 33% of all E. coli samples taken.Most E. coli isolates revealed a pattern of strong resistance to the majority of the commonly used antibiotics, as determined by antimicrobial susceptibility testing.Piperacillin, amoxicillin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and tetracycline were all antibiotics that the isolates exhibited extreme resistance.and the percentage of resistance were 96.46%, 95.58%, 92.92%, 92.04%, 90.27%, 84.96%, 84.07%, 82.30%, and 80.53% respectively.However, most E.coli isolates were highly sensitive to Meropenem (82.30%), followed by Piperacillin-tazobactam and Imipenem which both had susceptible rates reach to 69.91%.Most E.coli isolates (98.23%) were classified as MDR, 21.24% were classified as XDR, and 1.77% were classified as possibly PDR.Concludingly, most E.coli isolates were MDR, additionally, XDR and possibly PDR have been emerged.Which revealed a severe and critical health problem that could threaten the community and healthcare settings.