Repetitive Elements Contribute to the Diversity and Evolution of Centromeres in the Fungal Genus <i>Verticillium</i>
Michael Seidl, H. Martin Kramer, David E. Cook, Gabriel L. Fiorin, Grardy C. M. van den Berg, Luigi Faino, Bart P. H. J. Thomma
Abstract
The genus Verticillium contains 10 species of plant-associated fungi, some of which are notorious pathogens. Verticillium species evolved by frequent chromosomal rearrangements that contribute to genome plasticity. Centromeres are instrumental for separation of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis, and failed centromere functionality can lead to chromosomal anomalies. Here, we used a combination of experimental techniques to identify and characterize centromeres in each of the Verticillium species. Intriguingly, we could strongly associate a single repetitive element to the centromeres of some of the Verticillium species. The presence of this element in the centromeres coincides with increased centromere sizes and genome-wide repeat expansions. Collectively, our findings signify a role of repetitive elements in the function, organization, and rapid evolution of centromeres in a set of closely related fungal species.