Unsymmetrically β-Functionalized π-Extended Porphyrins: Synthesis, Spectral, Electrochemical Redox Properties, and Their Utilization as Efficient Two-Photon Absorbers
Amir Sohel Bulbul, Nivedita Chaudhri, Mohd Shanu, Jitendra Nath Acharyya, G. Vijaya Prakash, Muniappan Sankar
Abstract
Two new series of unsymmetrically β-functionalized porphyrins, MTPP(NO2)MA (1M), (MA = methyl acrylate) and MTPP(NO2)MB (2M) (MB = mono-benzo) (where M = 2H, Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II)), were synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The saddle shape conformation of ZnTPP(NO2)MAPy and ZnTPP(NO2)MB was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation revealed that NiTPP(NO2)MB has a severe nonplanar geometry possessing a high magnitude of ΔCβ = ±0.727 Å and Δ24 = ±0.422 Å values among all other porphyrins. Synthesized β-substituted porphyrins exhibited red-shifted B- and Q-bands corresponding to their parent molecule due to the electron-withdrawing peripheral substituents. Notable redshift (Δλmax = 50–60 nm) in electronic spectral features and with weak-intensity emission spectral features were observed for the free-base porphyrins and Zn(II) complexes compared to H2TPP and ZnTPP, respectively. The first-ring reduction potential of MTPP(NO2)MA (1M) exhibited 0.21–0.5 V anodic shift, whereas 0.18–0.23 V anodic shift was observed in the first-ring oxidation potential compared to the corresponding MTPPs due to the presence of electron-withdrawing β-substituents at the periphery of the macrocycle. Interestingly, NiTPP(NO2)MA (1Ni) has shown an additional NiII/NiIII oxidation potential observed at 2.05 V along with two ring-centered oxidations. The first-ring reduction and oxidation potentials of MTPP(NO2)MB (2M) have shown 0.39–0.46 and 0.19–0.27 V anodic shifts with respect to their corresponding MTPPs. The nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of all of the porphyrins were investigated, and the extracted nonlinear optical parameters revealed intense reverse-saturable absorption (RSA) behavior and the self-focusing behavior with positive nonlinear refractive index in the range of (0.19–1.75) × 10–17 m2/W. Zn(II) complexes exhibited the highest two-photon absorption coefficient (β) and cross section (σTPA) of ∼95 × 10–12 m/W and 19.66 × 104 GM, respectively, among all of the metal complexes.