Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Metabolic Morbidity in a Longitudinal Study of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Ahmed Torky, Ninet Sinaii, Smita Jha, Jay Desai, Diala El‐Maouche, Ashwini Mallappa, Deborah P. Merke
Abstract
CONTEXT: Patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are exposed to hyperandrogenism and supraphysiologic glucocorticoids, both of which can increase risk of metabolic morbidity. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity risk in a longitudinal study of patients with CAH spanning both childhood and adulthood. DESIGN AND SETTING: Patients with classic CAH followed for a minimum of 5 years during both childhood and adulthood (n = 57) at the National Institutes of Health were included and compared with the US general population using NHANES data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, fasting hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. RESULTS: Compared to the US population, patients with CAH had higher (P < 0.001) prevalence of obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, fasting hyperglycemia, and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) during childhood and obesity (P = 0.024), hypertension (P<0.001), and insulin resistance (P < 0.001) during adulthood. In our cohort, obesity, hypertension, fasting hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia began prior to age 10. During childhood, increased mineralocorticoid dose was associated with hypertension (P = 0.0015) and low HDL (P = 0.0021). During adulthood, suppressed androstenedione was associated with hypertension (P = 0.002), and high low-density lipoprotein (P = 0.0039) whereas suppressed testosterone (P = 0.003) was associated with insulin resistance. Elevated 17-hydroxyprogesterone, possibly reflecting poor disease control, was protective against high cholesterol (P = 0.0049) in children. Children whose mothers were obese (maternal obesity) had increased risk of obesity during adulthood (P = 0.0021). Obesity, in turn, contributed to the development of hypertension, insulin resistance, and hypertriglyceridemia in adulthood. CONCLUSION: Patients with CAH develop metabolic morbidity at a young age associated with treatment-related and familial factors. Judicious use of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid is warranted.