Anion-Tuned Layered Double Hydroxide Anodes for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers: From Catalyst Screening to Single-Cell Performance
Malte Klingenhof, Philipp Hauke, Matthias Kroschel, Xingli Wang, Thomas Merzdorf, Christoff Binninger, Trung Ngo Thanh, Benjamin Paul, Detre Teschner, Robert Schlögl, Peter Strasser
Abstract
Anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) is an attractive emerging green hydrogen technology. However, the scaling of trends in activity of anode catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) from a liquid-electrolyte, three-electrode environment to the two-electrode single-cell format has remained poorly considered. Herein, we critically investigate the scaling of kinetic and catalytic properties of a family of highly active Ni foam (NF) supported, anion (A–)-tuned NiFe(-A–)-OER catalysts. Trends in catalytic activity suggest impressive improvements of up to 91-fold in three-electrode setups (3LC) compared to uncoated NF. While we demonstrate the successful qualitative structure–performance tunability in a 5 cm2 AEMWE single cell, we also find serious limitations in the quantitative predictability of three-electrode setups for single-cell performance trends. Cell environments appear to equalize the cell performances of designer catalysts, which has important ramifications for electrode development. We succeed in analyzing and discussing some of these translation limitations in terms of previously overlooked effects summarized in the activity improvement factor f.