A Europium Metal–Organic Framework and Its Polymer Composite Membrane as Switch-Off Fluorescence Sensors for Antibiotic Detection in Lake Water
Bing-Bing Xing, Bing Liu, Guo-Xin Luo, Ge Tong, Huan Jiao, Ling Xu
Abstract
The detection of antibiotic residues is of great significance in monitoring their overuse in healthcare, livestock and poultry farming, and agricultural production. Herein, EuCl 3 and 4,4′-dicarboxyl-diphenoxyethene (H 2 DPOE) ionothermally reacted in 1-methyl-3-butylimidazolium chloride to give a europium metal–organic framework (Eu-DPOE). Eu-DPOE shows different fluorescence quenching rates for sensing eight antibiotics under different excitation wavelengths. Eu-DPOE displays a fast response, high selectivity, and sensitivity in antibiotic detection by fluorescence quenching. Eu-DPOE can sensitively detect TCs (tetracyclines), NOR (norfloxacin), NFT (furazolidone), ODZ (ornidazole), SDZ (sulfadiazine), and CHL (chloramphenicol) with limits of detection below 0.5 μmol/L. It provides a convenient and rapid tool for sensing antibiotics in aqueous solution. The detection mechanism is a competition absorption between DPOE 2– and antibiotics with the supports from powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), UV–vis spectra, and fluorescence lifetime. With a composite membrane of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) matrix loading Eu-DPOE (Eu-DPOE@PVDF), Eu-DPOE@PVDF exhibits a visual fluorescence response to NOR under a 254 nm UV lamp and NFT and CTC under 365 nm. Eu-DPOE@PVDF is applied in the quantitative detection of CTC, NOR, and NFT in lake water with recovery rates ranging from 88.37 to 113.8%. Totally, fluorescence-quenched Eu-DPOE@PVDF exhibits a fast response, high selectivity, and sensitivity in sensing CTC, NOR, and NFT.