Tau Pathologies Mediate the Association of Cigarette Smoking with Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults Without Dementia: The CABLE Study
Hao Hu, Jun-Ting Fu, Yanlin Bi, Ya‐Hui Ma, Yuyuan Huang, Xin Wang, Lan Tan, Jin‐Tai Yu
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although cigarette smoking is an important modifiable factor of cognitive impairment, the roles of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) core pathologies in modulating this process have not been fully delineated. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore associations of cigarette smoking with cognition and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers. METHODS: A total of 1,079 non-demented participants were included from the Chinese Alzheimer's Biomarker and LifestylE (CABLE) study. Associations of cigarette smoking with cognition and CSF AD biomarkers were explored by multiple linear regression models. The mediation analyses with 10,000 bootstrapped iterations were conducted to explore the mediation effects. RESULTS: Heavy cigarette smokers (pack-years > 20) had poorer global cognition as well as higher levels of CSF p-tau and t-tau compared with the non-smokers (p < 0.01). Time-dose effect analysis among smokers also suggested that both cognitive impairment and tau pathologies markedly deteriorated with greater cumulative cigarette exposure, independently of the Aβ pathology (p < 0.01). In addition, smokers with older age or APOEɛ4 showed more obvious influences on CSF tau pathologies but not on cognition. Overall, the influence of smoking on cognition was partially mediated by tau pathologies (estimated proportion: 12%), which still remained in late-life (10% ∼11%) and increased in APOEɛ4 carriers (18% ∼24%). Encouragingly, long-term smoking cessation mitigated both cognitive impairment and tau pathologies (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoking was associated with both cognitive impairment and tau pathologies, which were accompanied by time-dose effects. Tau pathology might be a key mediator for influences of cigarette smoking on cognitive impairments.