Assessment of biomarkers of exposure and potential harm, and physiological and subjective health measures in exclusive users of nicotine pouches and current, former and never smokers
David Azzopardi, Linsey E. Haswell, Justin Frosina, Michael McEwan, Nathan Gale, Jesse Thissen, Filimon Meichanetzidis, George Hardie
Abstract
As compared with smokers, exclusive users of Velo NPs have significantly less exposure to tobacco toxicants and more favourable BoPHs associated with initiating biological processes of smoking-related diseases.International Standard Registered Clinical Trial number: ISRCTN16988167.
Topics & Concepts
MedicineNicotineTobacco productUrineTobacco smokeSnusSmokeless tobaccoCotininePhysiologyGastroenterologyInternal medicineEnvironmental healthTobacco usePopulationSmoking Behavior and CessationNicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors StudyRespiratory and Cough-Related Research