Local topological markers in odd dimensions
Joseph A. Sykes, Ryan Barnett
Abstract
Local topological markers have proven to be a valuable tool for investigating systems with topologically nontrivial bands. Due to their local nature, such markers can treat translationally invariant systems and spatially inhomogeneous systems on an equal footing. Among the most prevalent of these is the so-called Chern marker, which is available for systems in two spatial dimensions. In this paper we describe how to generalize this marker to 1D and 3D systems by showing that the relevant expressions accurately describe the phenomenon of topological pumping given by the first and second Chern numbers in 1D and 3D, respectively. In addition to providing general derivations, we verify the markers by numerically considering model Hamiltonians. These results will open the door for future studies, including the influence of disorder on topological pumping and topological phase transitions in odd-dimensional systems.