Stresses in Plants: Biotic and Abiotic
Olayinka Bolaji Umar, Lawal Amudalat Ranti, Abdulbaki Shehu Abdulbaki, Abdulra’uf Lukman Bola, Abdulkareem Khadijat Abdulhamid, Murtadha Ramat Biola, Kayode Oluwagbenga Victor
Abstract
Plants are subjected to a variety of environmental stresses, which reduces and limits agricultural crop productivity. Environmental stresses that affect plants are of two types: biotic and abiotic stresses. Abiotic stress includes temperature, ultraviolet radiation, salinity, floods, drought, heavy metals, etc., which results in the loss of important crop plants globally, while biotic stress refers to damage caused by insects, herbivores, nematodes, fungi, bacteria, or weeds. Plants respond to all these environmental factors because the pants are fixed in a particular place. To cope with these stresses, a number of strategies have been developed by plants. They detect that the environmental stresses become activated and then generate the necessary cellular responses. Several investigations have been carried out to determine and understand plant assimilates partitioning and stress-tolerance plant genotype necessary for the understanding of the complexity of the response of a plant to biotic and abiotic stresses.