Decreased memory B cell frequencies in COVID‐19 delta variant vaccine breakthrough infection
Matthew Zirui Tay, Angéline Rouers, Siew‐Wai Fong, Yun Shan Goh, Yi‐Hao Chan, Zi Wei Chang, Weili Xu, Chee Wah Tan, Wan Ni Chia, Anthony Torres‐Ruesta, Siti Naqiah Amrun, Yu‐Ling Huang, Pei Xiang Hor, Chiew Yee Loh, Nicholas Kim‐Wah Yeo, Bei Wang, Eve Zi Xian Ngoh, Siti Nazihah Mohd Salleh, Jean‐Marc Chavatte, Alicia Jieling Lim, Sebastian Maurer‐Stroh, Lin‐Fa Wang, Raymond Valentine Tzer Pin Lin, Cheng‐I Wang, Seow Yen Tan, Barnaby Edward Young, Yee‐Sin Leo, David Chien Lye, Laurent Rénia, Lisa F. P. Ng
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) variant is capable of infecting vaccinated persons. An open question remains as to whether deficiencies in specific vaccine-elicited immune responses result in susceptibility to vaccine breakthrough infection. We investigated 55 vaccine breakthrough infection cases (mostly Delta) in Singapore, comparing them against 86 vaccinated close contacts who did not contract infection. Vaccine breakthrough cases showed lower memory B cell frequencies against SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD). Compared to plasma antibodies, antibodies secreted by memory B cells retained a higher fraction of neutralizing properties against the Delta variant. Inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β and TNF were lower in vaccine breakthrough infections than primary infection of similar disease severity, underscoring the usefulness of vaccination in preventing inflammation. This report highlights the importance of memory B cells against vaccine breakthrough and suggests that lower memory B cell levels may be a correlate of risk for Delta vaccine breakthrough infection.