Urban heat island effect: examining spatial patterns of socio-demographic inequalities in Greater London

Abstract

This study examines how Urban Heat Island effects interact with socio-demographic disparities in Greater London, UK, proposing a spatial method to help local governments prioritise heat mitigation. Measuring high-resolution decennial satellite-derived land surface temperature at the street level linked to detailed Census data, we find that young children, ethnic minorities (especially Asian and Black populations), and lower-income groups experience significantly higher surface temperatures – up to 4°C hotter – than wealthier, predominantly White populations. A space syntax-based street network analysis reveals reduced pedestrian movement potential in temperature hotspots, particularly in boroughs with larger ethnic minority populations, suggesting that heat-exposed streets may further limit mobility for vulnerable communities. Accessibility metrics show a potential 6–9% decline in affected areas, which can exacerbate socio-spatial inequalities. We propose integrating demographic data with fine-scale land surface temperature measurements to identify high-risk areas for targeted interventions, such as tree planting, water features, and shading. This method enables local authorities to address heat disparities without complex modelling, supporting targeted, practical interventions with the potential to reduce climate vulnerability while enhancing walkability and public health.

Topics & Concepts