Characteristics, emissions, capture, storage, and utilization of carbon dioxide: A comprehensive review of challenges and technologies for greenhouse gas mitigation
Ali Akbari, Hossein Sarvi, Mehdi Maleki, Sina Bahreyni, Reza Azimi, Alireza Radpour
Abstract
The capture, storage, and utilization of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) are pivotal in combating climate change and mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This review offers a comprehensive and critically focused analysis of post-capture CO 2 handling methods, including storage, adsorption, and utilization, with a particular emphasis on emerging and innovative technologies. Distinctively, this study highlights advanced CO 2 conversion pathways—such as photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical reduction, membrane-based separations, and mineralization—by analyzing their mechanisms, energy demands, techno-economic feasibility, and integration potential with renewable energy sources. The review further explores the role of natural systems, especially microalgae and porous materials, in CO 2 bio-fixation and adsorption under industrial conditions. Unlike conventional reviews, this work provides an in-depth comparative assessment of major capture methods (e.g., cryogenic separation, chemical absorption, and mixed-matrix membranes), emphasizing recent advancements and material innovations that enhance selectivity, thermal stability, and operational efficiency. By integrating perspectives from material science, process engineering, and environmental policy, this review presents a novel synthesis of current challenges and future opportunities in circular carbon management. These insights aim to support the development of scalable, cost-effective, and sustainable CO 2 mitigation strategies for industrial deployment.