Molecular Characterization of Influenza C Viruses from Outbreaks in Hong Kong SAR, China
Rodney S. Daniels, Herman Tse, Burcu Ermetal, Zheng Xiang, Deborah Jackson, Jeremy Guntoro, Jérôme Nicod, Aengus Stewart, Karen J. Cross, Saira Hussain, John W. McCauley, Janice Lo
Abstract
Influenza C virus infection of humans is common, and reinfection can occur throughout life. While symptoms are generally mild, severe disease cases have been reported, but knowledge of the virus is limited, as little systematic surveillance for influenza C virus is conducted and the virus cannot be studied by classical virologic methods because it cannot be readily isolated in laboratories. A combination of systematic surveillance in Hong Kong SAR, China, and new gene sequencing methods has been used in this study to assess influenza C virus evolution and provides evidence for a 2-year cycle of disease outbreaks. The results of studies like that reported here are key to developing an understanding of the impact of influenza C virus infection in humans and how virus evolution might be associated with epidemics.