Cervical cancer diagnosis model using spontaneous Raman and Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy with artificial intelligence
Chenyang Liu, Caifeng Xiu, Yongfang Zou, Wei‐Na Wu, Yizhi Huang, Lili Wan, Shuping Xu, Bing Han, H.J. Zhang
Abstract
• Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy instrument enhances the strength and sensitivity of wavenumber signals. • Using Coherent anti-Stokes Raman images obtained from tissue slices, it is possible to distinguish different cervical tissues with the naked eye alone. • The artificial Intelligence ConvNeXt network model based on CARS images can effectively diagnose cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer worldwide. Histopathology, which is currently considered the gold standard for cervical cancer diagnosis, can be time-consuming and subjective. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a rapid, objective, and non-destructive cervical cancer detection technique. In this study, high-wavenumber spontaneous Raman spectroscopy was used to detect cervical squamous cell carcinoma and normal tissues. The levels of lipids, fatty acids, and proteins in cervical cancerous tissues were found to be higher than those in normal tissues. Raman difference spectroscopy revealed the most significant difference at 2928 cm −1 . Additionally, a Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) instrument was employed to enhance the wavenumber signal intensity and sensitivity. The intrinsic relationship between CARS imaging and cervical lesions was established. The CARS images indicated that the intensity of normal cervical squamous cells was zero, whereas the intensities of keratinized and non-keratinized cervical squamous cell carcinoma tissues were significantly higher. Consequently, diagnostic outcomes could be obtained by observing CARS images with the naked eye. Furthermore, the characteristic structure of keratin pearls in keratinized cervical cancer could serve as a marker for subdividing cervical cancer types. Finally, a ConvNeXt network, a machine-learning model built from CARS images, was utilized to classify different types of tissue images. The results indicated a verification accuracy of 100 %, with a loss function of 0.0927. These findings suggest that the diagnostic model established using CARS images could efficiently diagnose cervical cancer, providing novel insights into the pathological diagnosis of this disease.