Pediatric Restrictive Cardiomyopathies
Raffaello Ditaranto, Angelo Giuseppe Caponetti, Valentina Ferrara, Vanda Parisi, Matteo Minnucci, Chiara Chiti, Riccardo Baldassarre, Federico Di Nicola, Simone Bonetti, Tammam Hasan, Luciano Potena, Nazzareno Galiè, Luca Ragni, Elena Biagini
Abstract
Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is the least frequent phenotype among pediatric heart muscle diseases, representing only 2.5–3% of all cardiomyopathies diagnosed during childhood. Pediatric RCM has a poor prognosis, high incidence of pulmonary hypertension (PH), thromboembolic events, and sudden death, is less amenable to medical or surgical treatment with high mortality rates. In this scenario , heart transplantation remains the only successful therapeutic option. Despite a shared hemodynamic profile, characterized by severe diastolic dysfunction and restrictive ventricular filling, with normal ventricle ejection fraction and wall thickness, RCM recognizes a broad etiological spectrum, consisting of genetic/familial and acquired causes, each of which has a distinct pathophysiology and natural course. Hence, the aim of this review is to cover the causes, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, treatment, and prognosis of pediatric RCM.