Advanced polymeric scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration
Ashkan Farazin, Seyedeh Farnaz Darghiasi
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) represents a cutting-edge approach to treating critical-sized bone defects, complex fractures, and degenerative bone diseases by promoting the regeneration of functional bone tissue. A crucial element in this process is the design and optimization of scaffolds that emulate the natural extracellular matrix (ECM), supporting cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation necessary for bone regeneration. Polymers are widely used in scaffold fabrication. They offer versatility, biocompatibility, and tunable properties that are essential for tissue engineering. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of polymeric scaffolds in BTE, focusing on synthetic and natural polymers, composite scaffold designs, and the fabrication techniques employed to enhance their performance. Key design criteria, such as scaffold porosity, mechanical properties, and biodegradability, are discussed in the context of facilitating optimal bone regeneration. Additionally, we explore functionalization strategies to improve biological interactions, such as the incorporation of growth factors and surface modifications, and evaluate in vivo performance to highlight clinical potential. The paper also addresses current challenges, including the need for enhanced mechanical strength and controlled degradation, while offering insights into future directions for the development of polymeric scaffolds in bone tissue regeneration therapies.