One-Step Facile Synthesis of High-Activity Nitrogen-Doped PtNiN Oxygen Reduction Catalyst
Liang Song, Yun Cai, Yang Liu, Xueru Zhao, Kurian A. Kuttiyiel, Nebojša Marinković, Anatoly I. Frenkel, Anusorn Kongkanand, YongMan Choi, Radoslav R. Adžić, Kotaro Sasaki
Abstract
PtM alloy electrocatalysts (M = Fe, Co, Ni) have been the subject of many investigations aimed at increasing their attractive properties, in particular their oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity, while reducing total platinum-group-metal content and improving durability. Despite some success, these catalysts still have relatively high Pt content and lack the necessary durability, as M metals leach out from the alloys during potential cycling. Previously, we synthesized nitrogen (N)-doped PtMN/C catalysts consisting of thin Pt shells on M nitride cores by a two-step method, which showed higher ORR activity and stability than their PtM counterparts. In the present study, we developed a facile one-step synthesis method, which comprises a single thermal annealing process of the N-doped PtNiN/C alloy. The ORR performance of the one-step-synthesized PtNiN/C catalyst is much higher than that of the two-step-synthesized PtNiN/C, as revealed by rotating disk electrode measurements. Membrane electrode assembly fuel cell testing demonstrated superb durability and high activity. Formation of Pt monolayer shells on the nitrided (PtxNi1–x)4N cores was confirmed by in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The origins of the enhanced activity and stability of the one-step-synthesized PtNiN/C catalyst are elucidated based on density functional theory calculations together with the experimental results.