Risk Factors for CKD Progression
Mary Hannan, Sajid Ansari, Natalie Meza, Amanda H. Anderson, Anand Srivastava, Sushrut S. Waikar, Jeanne Charleston, Matthew R. Weir, Jonathan J. Taliercio, Edward Horwitz, Milda R. Saunders, Katherine Wolfrum, Harold I. Feldman, James P. Lash, Ana C. Ricardo, the CRIC Study Investigators
Abstract
The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study is an ongoing, multicenter, longitudinal study of nearly 5500 adults with CKD in the United States. Over the past 10 years, the CRIC Study has made significant contributions to the understanding of factors associated with CKD progression. This review summarizes findings from longitudinal studies evaluating risk factors associated with CKD progression in the CRIC Study, grouped into the following six thematic categories: ( 1 ) sociodemographic and economic (sex, race/ethnicity, and nephrology care); ( 2 ) behavioral (healthy lifestyle, diet, and sleep); ( 3 ) genetic (apoL1, genome-wide association study, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system pathway genes); ( 4 ) cardiovascular (atrial fibrillation, hypertension, and vascular stiffness); ( 5 ) metabolic (fibroblast growth factor 23 and urinary oxalate); and ( 6 ) novel factors (AKI and biomarkers of kidney injury). Additionally, we highlight areas where future research is needed, and opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration.