The costs of future energy technologies: A comprehensive review of power-to-X processes
G. Müller, Felix Kullmann, Jochen Linßen, Detlef Stolten
Abstract
In this review, the techno-economic data for various emerging Power-to-X (PtX) technologies is summarized and discussed, with recommendations for appropriate values presented. These recommendations can serve as a reference in, e.g., energy system modeling, in which such data is desperately needed in order to define these novel processes and assess their impact on the energy system of the future. To this end, over 300 publications concerning PtX processes for gases (methane and syngas), fuels (methanol and synfuels) and chemicals (ethylene and formic acid) were evaluated in a structured literature search with respect to their financial key performance indicators (KPIs) such as capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operational expenditures (OPEX); process-specific KPIs such as efficiency, lifetime, and operating conditions; and their technology readiness levels (TRLs). The review finds that for all of the investigated technologies, significant cost reductions can be anticipated until 2050 due to scaling and learning effects. The magnitude of the cost reduction differs with each technology and is often connected to its degree of technological maturity. The prevalent technological immaturity of most processes also means that they are not yet cost-competitive with conventional fossil production technologies. Furthermore, data availability varies strongly between the assessed technologies and can influence the quality of the projections. • Investigates over 300 publications on Power-to-X for techno-economic parameters. • Provides a comprehensive overview of relevant CO 2 utilization technologies. • Develops cost and efficiency trajectories between 2020 and 2050. • Highlights the large variance of relevant parameters across various sources.