Hydroxyapatite‐based nanocomposite scaffolds for bone regeneration
Ashkan Farazin, Seyedeh Farnaz Darghiasi
Abstract
Abstract Hydroxyapatite (HAp), a naturally occurring calcium phosphate, remains one of the most promising bioceramics for orthopedic and dental applications due to its excellent biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and structural similarity to natural bone mineral. While previous studies have explored HAp's basic properties, this review offers a comprehensive and integrated analysis of its synthesis methods, physicochemical properties, and biological performance, alongside critical comparisons and future‐oriented insights. A key novelty of this review is the incorporation of a 3PM analysis evaluating prior art, publications, products, and megatrends to assess translational readiness and strategic value. Furthermore, the review uniquely highlights biowaste‐derived HAp, sustainability implications in alignment with United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, and the underrepresented role of analytical and simulation models in HAp optimization. By connecting material science with ecological balance, cost‐effectiveness, and long‐term clinical potential, this review serves as a strategic roadmap for the next generation of HAp‐based biomaterials in regenerative medicine.