A Family of Viral Satellites Manipulates Invading Virus Gene Expression and Can Affect Cholera Toxin Mobilization
Zachary K. Barth, Zoe Netter, Angus Angermeyer, Pooja Bhardwaj, Kimberley D. Seed
Abstract
Viral satellites are found in all domains of life and can have profound fitness effects on both the viruses they parasitize and the cells they reside in. In this study, we have acquired the first RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) transcriptomes of viral satellites outside plants, as well as the transcriptome of the phage ICP1, a predominant predator of pandemic Vibrio cholerae . Capsid downregulation, previously observed in an unrelated phage satellite, is conserved among p hage inducible chromosomal island- l ike e lements (PLEs), suggesting that viral satellites are under strong selective pressure to reduce the capsid expression of their larger host viruses. Despite conserved manipulation of capsid expression, PLEs exhibit divergent effects on CTXΦ transcription and mobility. Our results demonstrate that PLEs can influence both their hosts’ resistance to phage and the mobility of virulence-encoding elements, suggesting that PLEs can play a substantial role in shaping Vibrio cholerae evolution.