Combined treatment of molnupiravir and favipiravir against SARS-CoV-2 infection: One + zero equals two?

Abstract

The route to an effective antiviral treatment against SARS-CoV-2 has been marked by dozens of negative clinical trials, with thousands of patients across the globe enrolled in futile clinical trials. Too often, emergency has been an excuse for testing drugs with no or poor pharmacological rationale, bypassing the standard process of validations in pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo models. Nearly 60 randomized clinical trials worldwide are registered on clinicaltrial.gov to evaluate the efficacy of favipiravir in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, either as monotherapy or in combination. In most studies, the dose used was 600-800 mg BID, which is the dose used in the clinical development of favipiravir against pandemic influenza virus infection and severe influenza illness. These studies display a large heterogeneity regarding the population (inpatients and outpatients) and the primary endpoint (virological or clinical). Although some studies suggest that favipiravir could decrease the time to viral clearance in mild or moderate COVID-19 patients [1Ivashchenko AA Dmitriev KA Vostokova NV Azarova VN Blinow AA Egorova AN et al.AVIFAVIR for treatment of patients with moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): interim results of a phase II/III multicenter randomized clinical trial.Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 02 2021; 73: 531‑4Crossref Scopus (145) Google Scholar] or the time to clinical improvement [2Shinkai M Tsushima K Tanaka S Hagiwara E Tarumoto N Kawada I et al.Efficacy and safety of favipiravir in moderate COVID-19 pneumonia patients without oxygen therapy: a randomized, phase III clinical trial.Infect Dis Ther. 27 août 2021; Crossref PubMed Scopus (50) Google Scholar], the retrospective aspect or the absence of randomization of most studies precludes a definite answer on favipiravir efficacy. As pointed out by the meta-analysis conducted by the COVID-NMA initiative (www.covid-nma.com), the level of evidence on favipiravir virological and clinical endpoints remains therefore low to very low. Molnupiravir has been studied in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients as a monotherapy at the dose of 800 mg BID in outpatients and hospitalized patients, with both virological and clinical endpoints. Data from phase II/III trial showed that molnupiravir is unlikely to demonstrate a clinical benefit in hospitalized patients. In outpatients, molnupiravir reduces the risk of hospitalization or death by approximately 50 percent compared to placebo for patients with mild or moderate COVID-19 in an interim analysis of phase III study [3Merck and Ridgeback's Investigational Oral Antiviral Molnupiravir Reduced the Risk of Hospitalization or Death by Approximately 50 Percent Compared to Placebo for Patients with Mild or Moderate COVID-19 in Positive Interim Analysis of Phase 3 Study [Internet]. Merck.com. [cité 7 oct 2021]. Disponible sur: https://www.merck.com/news/merck-and-ridgebacks-investigational-oral-antiviral-molnupiravir-reduced-the-risk-of-hospitalization-or-death-by-approximately-50-percent-compared-to-placebo-for-patients-with-mild-or-moderat/Google Scholar]. The study of Abdelnabi et al. [4Abdelnabi R Foo CS Kaptein SJF Zhang X Do TND Langendries L et al.The combined treatment of Molnupiravir and Favipiravir results in a potentiation of antiviral efficacy in a SARS-CoV-2 hamster infection model.EBioMedicine. 24 sept. 2021; 72103595PubMed Google Scholar] builds on previous pre-clinical studies that showed a marked activity of molnupiravir against SARS-CoV-2, with an micromolar activity in vitro and evidence of antiviral activity and reduced risk of transmission in several animal models (mice, hamster, ferrets) [5Cox RM Wolf JD Plemper RK. Therapeutically administered ribonucleoside analogue MK-4482/EIDD-2801 blocks SARS-CoV-2 transmission in ferrets.Nat Microbiol. 2020; : 1-8PubMed Google Scholar,6Abdelnabi R Foo CS De Jonghe S Maes P Weynand B Neyts J. Molnupiravir inhibits replication of the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in a hamster infection model.J Infect Dis. 1 sept. 2021; 224: 749‑53Google Scholar]. Determination of favipiravir antiviral activity is less well established, with an activity that ranges from 60 to ∼500 µM [7Driouich J-S Cochin M Lingas G Moureau G Touret F Petit P-R et al.Favipiravir antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in a hamster model.Nat Commun. 2021; 12: 1-13Crossref PubMed Scopus (95) Google Scholar]. By thoroughly evaluating the antiviral activity of these drugs in the hamster model, alone or in combination, Abdelnabi et al. [4Abdelnabi R Foo CS Kaptein SJF Zhang X Do TND Langendries L et al.The combined treatment of Molnupiravir and Favipiravir results in a potentiation of antiviral efficacy in a SARS-CoV-2 hamster infection model.EBioMedicine. 24 sept. 2021; 72103595PubMed Google Scholar] demonstrate that the combination of the two drugs at suboptimal doses is synergic, and leads to a strong reduction in both total viral load and infectious virus, when treatment is administered before or very rapidly after infection. Further, they show that administration of treatment in hamsters can dramatically reduce the risk of infection to co-housed hamsters. These results are important for clinical development. They suggest that molnupiravir could be used at a lower dose, in combination with favipiravir, to increase virus mutagenesis and bring the virus close to error catastrophe. Because these drugs can be given orally and are likely less sensitive to mutations in the spike proteins [6Abdelnabi R Foo CS De Jonghe S Maes P Weynand B Neyts J. Molnupiravir inhibits replication of the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in a hamster infection model.J Infect Dis. 1 sept. 2021; 224: 749‑53Google Scholar], this combination could also be administered easily and require a less stringent virological surveillance than monoclonal antibodies. Before this combination can be tested in clinical studies, several important questions will need to be studied in depth. In their experimental model, the synergy was achieved at doses where either drug had demonstrated an antiviral activity. At this day, favipiravir has shown an antiviral activity in the hamster model but not in larger animal models or in humans. This may be due to the fact that the rapid metabolic activity in hamster allows to test high doses of drugs. In that respect, a critical point might be therefore the complexity of favipiravir pharmacokinetics and the need to use higher doses in humans than what has been used so far to achieve such antiviral activity. Pharmacokinetic models suggested that doses of 1600 mg BID may be needed to achieve such relevant drug concentrations, which is more much larger than the dose used in most clinical trials. Therefore, pharmacokinetic and tolerance studies will be needed to assess the possibility of using such high doses in humans [8Eloy P Solas C Touret F Mentré F Malvy D de Lamballerie X et al.Dose rationale for favipiravir use in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2020; 108: 188Crossref PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar]. Safety will be particularly important given that this type of combination will primarily be used in individuals that have not yet developed a highly symptomatic infection, in post exposure prophylaxis or in the first days that follow symptom onset. The results of Abdenabi et al. could also have important implications for other RNA viruses. Indeed, both favipiravir and molnupiravir have a panviral activity, with evidence of activity against several viruses, including influenza and hemorrhagic fever viruses [9Madelain V, Mentré F, Baize S, Anglaret X, Laouénan C, Oestereich L, et al. Modeling favipiravir antiviral efficacy against emerging viruses: from animal studies to clinical trials. CPT Pharmacomet Syst Pharmacol [Internet]. 28 avr 2020 [cité 7 oct 2021]; Disponible sur: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/psp4.12510Google Scholar,10Sheahan TP Sims AC Zhou S Graham RL Pruijssers AJ Agostini ML et al.An orally bioavailable broad-spectrum antiviral inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cell cultures and multiple coronaviruses in mice.Sci Transl Med. 29 avr 2020; 12: eabb5883Crossref PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar]. Previous studies already showed that the combination of favipiravir and ribavirin could be synergic against Lassa virus. Their results could therefore be applied rapidly in other contexts, for which there is a desperate lack of effective antiviral treatments. All authors contributed equally to this commentary. The authors report ongoing collaborations between their institution, INSERM, and Toyama, the manufacturer of favipiravir. The combined treatment of Molnupiravir and Favipiravir results in a potentiation of antiviral efficacy in a SARS-CoV-2 hamster infection modelOur findings may lay the basis for the design of clinical studies to test the efficacy of the combination of Molnupiravir/Favipiravir in the treatment of COVID-19. Full-Text PDF Open Access

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