<scp>d</scp> -mannose suppresses oxidative response and blocks phagocytosis in experimental neuroinflammation
Jing Wang, Negin Jalali Motlagh, Cuihua Wang, Gregory R. Wojtkiewicz, Stephan Schmidt, Cindy Chau, Radha P. Narsimhan, Enrico G. Kuellenberg, Cindy Zhu, Jenny Linnoila, Zhenwei Yao, John W. Chen
Abstract
lesions compared to PBS-control mice, revealing that d-mannose partially blocked phagocytosis. In vitro experiments with different monosaccharides further confirmed that only d-mannose treatment blocked macrophage phagocytosis in a dose-dependent manner. As phagocytosis of myelin debris has been known to increase inflammation, decreasing phagocytosis could result in decreased activation of proinflammatory macrophages. Indeed, compared to PBS-control EAE mice, d-mannose-treated EAE mice exhibited significantly fewer infiltrating macrophages/activated microglia, among which proinflammatory macrophages/microglia were greatly reduced while antiinflammatory macrophages/microglia increased. By uncovering that d-mannose diminishes the proinflammatory response and boosts the antiinflammatory response, our findings suggest that d-mannose, an over-the-counter supplement with a high safety profile, may be a low-cost treatment option for neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis.