Testing hadronic-model predictions of depth of maximum of air-shower profiles and ground-particle signals using hybrid data of the Pierre Auger Observatory
Adila Abdul Halim, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, I. Allekotte, Kévin Almeida Cheminant, A. Almela, Roberto Aloisio, Jaime Álvarez-Muñiz, Juan Ammerman Yebra, Gioacchino Alex Anastasi, L. Anchordoqui, B. Andrada, S. Andringa, L. Apollonio, C. Aramo, P. R. Araújo Ferreira, E. Arnone, J. C. Arteaga Velázquez, P. Assis, G. Ávila, Emanuele Avocone, Alena Bakalová, Felicia Barbato, Adriel Bartz Mocellin, Jose A. Bellido, Corinne Bérat, M. E. Bertaina, Gopal Bhatta, Marta Bianciotto, Peter L. Biermann, V. Binet, Kathrin Bismark, Teresa Bister, Jonathan Biteau, J. Blazek, C. Bleve, J. Blümer, M. Boháčová, Denise Boncioli, C. Bonifazi, L. Bonneau Arbeletche, Nataliia Borodai, J. Brack, P. G. Brichetto Orchera, F. L. Briechle, A. Bueno, S. Buitink, Mario Buscemi, Max Büsken, Anthony Bwembya, K. S. Caballero‐Mora, S. Cabana-Freire, Lorenzo Caccianiga, F. Campuzano, R. Caruso, A. Castellina, F. Catalani, G. Cataldi, Lorenzo Cazon, M. Cerda, A. Cermenati, J. A. Chinellato, J. Chudoba, L. Chytka, R. W. Clay, A. C. Cobos Cerutti, R. Colalillo, M. R. Coluccia, R. Conceição, Antonio Condorelli, Giovanni Consolati, M. Conte, Fabio Convenga, D. Correia dos Santos, Pedro J. Costa, C. E. Covault, M. Cristinziani, Carlo Salvattore Cruz Sanchez, S. Dasso, K. Daumiller, B. R. Dawson, R. M. de Almeida, Joaquín de Jesús, S. J. de Jong, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, I. De Mitri, J. de Oliveira, Danelise de Oliveira Franco, F. de Palma, V. de Souza, Beatriz de Errico, Emanuele De Vito, A. Del Popolo, O. Deligny, N. Denner, L. Deval, A. di Matteo, M. Dobre, C. Dobrigkeit, J. C. D’Olivo
Abstract
We test the predictions of hadronic interaction models regarding the depth of maximum of air-shower profiles, <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><a:msub><a:mi>X</a:mi><a:mi>max</a:mi></a:msub></a:math>, and ground-particle signals in water-Cherenkov detectors at 1000 m from the shower core, <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><c:mi>S</c:mi><c:mo stretchy="false">(</c:mo><c:mn>1000</c:mn><c:mo stretchy="false">)</c:mo></c:math>, using the data from the fluorescence and surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The test consists of fitting the measured two-dimensional (<g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><g:mi>S</g:mi><g:mo stretchy="false">(</g:mo><g:mn>1000</g:mn><g:mo stretchy="false">)</g:mo></g:math>, <k:math xmlns:k="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><k:msub><k:mi>X</k:mi><k:mi>max</k:mi></k:msub></k:math>) distributions using templates for simulated air showers produced with hadronic interaction models pos-, et--04, 2.3d and leaving the scales of predicted <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><m:msub><m:mi>X</m:mi><m:mi>max</m:mi></m:msub></m:math> and the signals from hadronic component at ground as free-fit parameters. The method relies on the assumption that the mass composition remains the same at all zenith angles, while the longitudinal shower development and attenuation of ground signal depend on the mass composition in a correlated way. The analysis was applied to 2239 events detected by both the fluorescence and surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory with energies between <o:math xmlns:o="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><o:msup><o:mn>10</o:mn><o:mn>18.5</o:mn></o:msup><o:mtext> </o:mtext><o:mtext> </o:mtext><o:mi>eV</o:mi></o:math> to <q:math xmlns:q="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><q:msup><q:mn>10</q:mn><q:mn>19.0</q:mn></q:msup><q:mtext> </q:mtext><q:mtext> </q:mtext><q:mi>eV</q:mi></q:math> and zenith angles below 60°. We found, that within the assumptions of the method, the best description of the data is achieved if the predictions of the hadronic interaction models are shifted to deeper <s:math xmlns:s="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><s:msub><s:mi>X</s:mi><s:mi>max</s:mi></s:msub></s:math> values and larger hadronic signals at all zenith angles. Given the magnitude of the shifts and the data sample size, the statistical significance of the improvement of data description using the modifications considered in the paper is larger than <u:math xmlns:u="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><u:mn>5</u:mn><u:mi>σ</u:mi></u:math> even for any linear combination of experimental systematic uncertainties. Published by the American Physical Society 2024