Impact of space radiation on lithium-ion batteries: A review from a radiation electrochemistry perspective
Gabriele Leita, Benedetto Bozzini
Abstract
This review paper explores the impact of space radiation on lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), a critical component in energy storage systems (EESs) for space missions. As national and international space agencies advance their exploration efforts, efficient energy management is crucial. To this end, batteries play a crucial role in storing and redistributing energy to sustain operations, particularly in the extreme environments of space. Historical energy storage solutions, such as Nickel-Hydrogen (Ni H 2 ) and Nickel-Cadmium (Ni Cd) batteries, have been replaced by LIBs, which have become the industry standard since the early 2000s. However, LIBs face significant challenges in space due to exposure to high-energy radiation, including gamma rays, X-rays, neutrons and ions. Indeed, radiation exposure can lead to electrodes degradation and subsequentially loss of performance. This review aims to synthesize current research on radiation-induced degradation mechanisms in LIBs, specifically addressing the impact of damaging mechanisms on electrochemical performance and pointing out potential next-generation alternatives, such as polymer electrolytes and ionic liquids. • Irradiation in space ambient alters battery materials, affecting device performance. • Radiation generates radicals in organic components and defects in inorganic ones. • Radiation reduces specific capacity, increases cell impedance and changes the SEI. • γ-ray exposure chiefly damages liquid electrolytes and cross-links polymeric ones. • Neutron and ion irradiation mainly generates crystal lattice defects in electrodes.