Synthesis of hemostatic aerogel of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers/collagen/chitosan and in vivo/vitro evaluation

Abstract

The treatment of internal hemorrhage remains challenging due to the current limited antibacterial capability, hemostatic efficacy, and biocompatibility of hemostatic materials. The TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers/collagen/chitosan (TCNF/COL/CS) hemostatic aerogel was developed in this work by physically encasing COL in a sandwich structure and electrostatically self-assembling polyanionic TCNF with polycationic CS. In vitro coagulation experiments revealed the favorable procoagulant properties of TCNF/COL/CS along with high adhesion to erythrocytes and platelets. TCNF/COL/CS significantly increased the hemostatic efficacy by 59.8 % and decreased blood loss by 62.2 % in the liver injury model when compared to Surgicel®, the most frequently used hemostatic material. Furthermore, it demonstrated outstanding biodegradability both in vitro and in vivo , and a substantial increase in resistance (96.8 % against E. coli and 95.4 % against S. aureus ) compared to TCNF. The significant hemostatic and biodegradable characteristics of TCNF/COL/CS can be ascribed to its interconnected porous structure, increased porosity, and efficient water absorption, along with the synergistic effect of the three constituents. The TCNF/COL/CS aerogel shows significant potential to control internal bleeding. A novel plant-derived nanocellulose composite aerogel has been described here for the first time; it has outstanding antibacterial characteristics, higher biocompatibility, and outstanding hemostatic characteristics in vivo . • Hemostatic TCNF/COL/CS aerogel was created by assembling TCNF, CS, and attaching COL. • TCNF/COL/CS aerogel featured with high porosity and water absorption capacity. • TCNF/COL/CS stimulates platelet and red blood cell adhesion, and coagulation. • TCNF/COL/CS significantly decreased time and amount of bleeding in injury model.

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