Spontaneous lithium extraction and enrichment from brine with net energy output driven by counter-ion gradients

Zhang Ge, Yuqi Li, Xun Guan, Guoliang Hu, Hance Su, Xueer Xu, Guangxia Feng, Sanzeeda Baig Shuchi, Sang Cheol Kim, Jiawei Zhou, Rong Xu, Xin Xiao, Allen Wu, Yi Cui