Analysis of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) in soil layers of Indonesia: Spatial distribution, potential source, and groundwater effect
Diyah Anggraeni, Katharina Oginawati, Nurul Fahimah, Indah Rachmatiah Siti Salami, Hirundini Rustica Absari, Utriweni Mukhaiyar, Udjianna Sekteria Pasaribu, Kurnia Novita Sari, Lira Adiyani
Abstract
This study analyzes Cd and Pb concentrations in 102 samples across 7 sub-districts in Bandung Regency. Employing SPSS and ArcGIS's IDW method, results indicate Cd and Pb exceeding standards. Pb variation is Majalaya > Ciparay > Soreang > Pangalengan > Rancaekek > Baleendah > Pacet; Cd's order is Pangalengan > Ciparay > Majalaya > Rancaekek > Soreang > Baleendah > Pacet. Pb and Cd variation in industrial textile areas (>80) from highest to lowest is upper > middle > lower, and non-industrial areas (<30) is middle > lower > upper. Contamination analysis shows extreme risk (Cd) and low risk (Pb).