RETRACTED: Flexible Type Symmetric Supercapacitor Electrode Fabrication Using Phosphoric Acid-Activated Carbon Nanomaterials Derived from Cow Dung for Renewable Energy Applications
Jothi Ramalingam Rajabathar, M. Sivachidambaram, J. Judith Vijaya, Hamad A. Al‐Lohedan, Daifallah M. Aldhayan
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Porous-activated carbon (PAC) materials have been playing a vital role in meeting the challenges of the ever-increasing demand for alternative clean and sustainable energy technologies. In the present scenario, a facile approach is suggested to produce hierarchical PAC at different activation temperatures in the range of 600 to 900 °C by using cow dung (CD) waste as a precursor, and H 3 PO 4 is adopted as the nonconventional activating agent to obtain large surface area values. The as-prepared cow dung-based PAC (CDPAC) is graphitic in nature with mixed micro- and mesoporous textures. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy depicts the morphology of CDPAC as nanoporous structures with a uniform arrangement. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals spherical carbon dense nanoparticles with dense tiny spherical carbon particles. N 2 adsorption–desorption isotherms show a very high specific surface area of 2457 m 2 /g for the CDPAC 9 (CD 9) sample with a large pore volume of 1.965 cm 3 /g. Electrochemical measurements of the CD 9 sample show a good specific capacitance ( C s ) of 347 F/g at a lower scan rate (5 mV/s) with improved cyclic stability, which is run up to 5000 cycles at a low current density (0.5 A/g). Hence, we choose an activated carbon prepared at 900 °C to fabricate the modified electrode material. In this regard, a flexible type symmetric supercapacitor device was fabricated, and the electrochemical test results show a supercapacitance value ( C s ) of 208 F/g.