Beyond diversity loss and climate change: Impacts of Amazon deforestation on infectious diseases and public health
Joel Henrique Ellwanger, Bruna Kulmann‐Leal, Valéria de Lima Kaminski, Jacqueline María Valverde-Villegas, Ana Beatriz Gorini da Veiga, Fernando Rosado Spilki, Philip M. Fearnside, Lílian Caesar, Leandro Luiz Giatti, Gabriel Luz Wallau, Sabrina Esteves de Matos Almeida, Mauro Riegert Borba, Vanusa Pousada da Hora, José Artur Bogo Chies
Abstract
Amazonian biodiversity is increasingly threatened due to the weakening of policies for combating deforestation, especially in Brazil. Loss of animal and plant species, many not yet known to science, is just one among many negative consequences of Amazon deforestation. Deforestation affects indigenous communities, riverside as well as urban populations, and even planetary health. Amazonia has a prominent role in regulating the Earth's climate, with forest loss contributing to rising regional and global temperatures and intensification of extreme weather events. These climatic conditions are important drivers of emerging infectious diseases, and activities associated with deforestation contribute to the spread of disease vectors. This review presents the main impacts of Amazon deforestation on infectious-disease dynamics and public health from a One Health perspective. Because Brazil holds the largest area of Amazon rainforest, emphasis is given to the Brazilian scenario. Finally, potential solutions to mitigate deforestation and emerging infectious diseases are presented from the perspectives of researchers in different fields.