Lack of eosinophil extracellular trap formation due to failure of plasma membrane breakdown in the absence of elastase
Evelien G. G. Sprenkeler, Ines Goetschalckx, Sara Fernández-Hermira, Anton T. J. Tool, Mark Hoogenboezem, Robin van Bruggen, Taco W. Kuijpers
Abstract
Activated eosinophils are described to release eosinophil extracellular traps (EETs), which consist of the cell's DNA covered with granule-derived antimicrobial peptides. Upon stimulation of eosinophils with the known EET-inducers phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, monosodium urate crystals, or Candida albicans, we observed that their plasma membrane became compromised, resulting in accessibility of the nuclear DNA for staining with the impermeable DNA dye Sytox Green. However, we did not observe any DNA decondensation or plasma membrane rupture by eosinophils, which sharply contrasts with neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and the subsequent cell death known as NETosis. Neutrophil elastase (NE) activity is thought to be essential for the cleavage of histones and chromatin decondensation during NETosis. We observed that the neutrophils of a patient with a mutation in ELANE, leading to congenital neutropenia and NE deficiency, were unable to undergo NETosis. Taken together, we may suggest that the natural absence of any NE-like proteolytic activity in human eosinophils explains why EET formation is not observed, even when eosinophils become positive for an impermeable DNA dye in response to stimuli that induce NETosis in neutrophils.