Review of Nontopological Solitons in Theories with U(1)-Symmetry
E. Ya. Nugaev, Andrey Shkerin
Abstract
We provide a review of nontopological solitonic solutions arising in theories with a complex scalar field and global or gauge U(1)-symmetry. It covers Q-balls, homogeneous charged scalar condensates, and nonlinear localized holes and bulges in a classically stable condensate. A historical overview is followed by the discussion of properties of solutions, including their stability, from different perspectives. Solitons in models with additional massive degrees of freedom are also revisited, and their relation to one-field Q-balls is showed. We also discuss theories with a gauge field giving rise to gauged Q-balls and theories with dynamical gravity giving rise to boson stars.
Topics & Concepts
PhysicsScalar fieldGauge theoryTheoretical physicsSolitonSymmetry (geometry)Scalar (mathematics)Field (mathematics)Gauge bosonNonlinear systemMathematical physicsClassical mechanicsQuantum mechanicsGeometryMathematicsPure mathematicsBlack Holes and Theoretical PhysicsCosmology and Gravitation TheoriesPulsars and Gravitational Waves Research