Projecting the clinical burden of chronic kidney disease at the patient level (Inside CKD): a microsimulation modelling study
Glenn M. Chertow, Ricardo Correa‐Rotter, Kai‐Uwe Eckardt, Eiichiro Kanda, Avraham Karasik, Guisen Li, Christian Fynbo Christiansen, Panos Stafylas, S. Holt, E. Christiaan Hagen, Juan José García Sánchez, Salvatore Barone, Claudia Cabrera, Stephen Nolan, Timothy Coker, Laura Webber, Lise Retat
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global concern that presents significant challenges for disease management. Several factors drive CKD prevalence, including primary risk factors, such as type 2 diabetes and hypertension, and an ageing population. Inside CKD is an international initiative that aims to raise awareness of the substantial burden incurred by CKD. Methods Using a peer-reviewed microsimulation method, the clinical burden of CKD was estimated from 2022 to 2027. Demographic data from the Americas, Europe, and Asia–Pacific/Middle East were used to generate virtual populations and to project the prevalence of CKD, kidney replacement therapy, associated cardiovascular complications, comorbid conditions, and all-cause mortality in the CKD population over the modelled time frame. Findings Across the 31 participating countries/regions, the total prevalence of CKD was projected to rise to 436.6 million cases by 2027 (an increase of 5.8% from 2022), with most cases (∼80%) undiagnosed. Inside CKD projected a mean of 8859 cases of heart failure, 10,244 of myocardial infarction, and 7797 of stroke per 100,000 patients with CKD by 2027. Interpretation The clinical impact of CKD is substantial and likely to increase; the high prevalence of undiagnosed cases and associated complications may benefit from the implementation of health policy interventions that promote screening, earlier diagnosis, and interventions to improve outcomes. Funding AstraZeneca.