Organophosphorus Pesticides as Modulating Substances of Inflammation through the Cholinergic Pathway
Milton Rafael Camacho-Pérez, Carlos Eduardo Covantes‐Rosales, Gladys Alejandra Toledo‐Ibarra, Ulises Mercado‐Salgado, María Dolores Ponce-Regalado, Karina Janice Guadalupe Díaz‐Reséndiz, Manuel Iván Girón‐Pérez
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are widespread insecticides used for pest control in agricultural activities and the control of the vectors of human and animal diseases. However, OPs' neurotoxic mechanism involves cholinergic components, which, beyond being involved in the transmission of neuronal signals, also influence the activity of cytokines and other pro-inflammatory molecules; thus, acute and chronic exposure to OPs may be related to the development of chronic degenerative pathologies and other inflammatory diseases. The present article reviews and discusses the experimental evidence linking inflammatory process with OP-induced cholinergic dysregulation, emphasizing the molecular mechanisms related to the role of cytokines and cellular alterations in humans and other animal models, and possible therapeutic targets to inhibit inflammation.