Insecticides and Natural Enemies: Applications in Integrated Pest Management Programs – Challenges, Criteria, and Evaluation for Recommendations
Fatemeh Yarahmadi, Ali Rajabpour
Abstract
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has emerged as a crucial approach in sustainable agriculture, aiming to minimize the impact of pests while reducing reliance on synthetic pesticides. This paper delves into the evolution of IPM over the past six decades, highlighting its goals of sustainable agricultural practices and decreased pesticide application. It also addresses the challenges posed by socioeconomic, environmental, and health factors associated with pesticide application. The discussion explores the weaknesses in current IPM practices, such as multiple definitions leading to confusion and inconsistencies between theory and implementation. Moreover, inadequate farmer engagement and ecological awareness are brought to light. Although chemical control remains central in plant health programs, its limitations and repercussions are considered within the realm of IPM. An alternative concept, Agroecological Crop Protection, is proposed as a more sustainable approach integrating agroecology into crop protection strategies. This interdisciplinary concept operates at various levels, spanning from field to landscape, emphasizing the importance of ecological balance. Quantitative evaluation methods for assessing IPM effectiveness are examined, encompassing metrics, data collection techniques, and statistical analyses, incorporating economic and ecological indicators. Furthermore, qualitative evaluation methods, such as surveys and stakeholder interviews, emphasize the significance of social and cultural factors influencing IPM practices.