Balancing economic growth and sustainability for environmental protection in Southeast Asia: a regional perspective
Habib Zafarullah, Monami Mehnaz
Abstract
Purpose This paper examines the complex relationship between environmental protection and economic growth in Southeast Asia, focusing on the region’s efforts at balancing rapid development with environmental sustainability. It analyzes current challenges, emerging trends and potential solutions for achieving sustainable development while maintaining economic growth. Design/methodology/approach The study employs a comprehensive literature review methodology, analyzing academic sources, government reports and international organization publications from 1998 to 2025. It combines qualitative analysis of policy frameworks and case studies with quantitative assessment of environmental impacts and economic costs. The research framework integrates multiple perspectives on environmental governance, technological innovation and sustainable development. Findings The analysis reveals that Southeast Asia contributes approximately 40% of global greenhouse gas emissions, with energy-related emissions projected to rise by 34–147% between 2017 and 2040. Environmental degradation costs the region 1–9% of their GDP. However, promising developments include increasing renewable energy adoption (projected 35% solar photovoltaic technology by 2025), improved sustainability reporting frameworks and innovative financial instruments. The study identifies key challenges in institutional capacity, policy implementation and resource management while highlighting successful initiatives in countries like Singapore and Vietnam. Originality/value This article brings together important historical events, present problems and expected future changes in Southeast Asian economic growth and environmental protection. By linking environmental governance, technological progress and economic growth, it gives lawmakers, companies and academics useful ideas and analysis. The study is especially helpful for figuring out how emerging countries can deal with environmental problems and still grow in a way that does not harm the environment.